Brave New World †Manufactured Happiness Essay

First of all, it is believed that one must suffer unhappiness to truly know and appreciate happiness. However, that concept is incompatible with a utopia, as the point of a utopia is to be without sadness, pain and suffering. In that respect, the World State is a utopia. Secondly, the concept of knowing unhappiness to know happiness is what we have in our society. Let me ask you: are you truly happy? Maybe you are, but what if I told you that that was not true happiness. What if I told you everything you experienced and know about being happy was just an illusion? Could you comprehend such a thing? The citizens of the World State have lived their whole lives with Soma, promiscuous sex, feelies, and mini golf, that is all they know. To them, what they have is true happiness because they have never experienced anything else. They cannot even comprehend a greater happiness because all the necessary elements such as love, hate and accomplishment have been removed. Happiness in the World State can be compared to Soma, as they get all the pleasures of the world without any side effects such as pain and sadness While they do not know the negatives of life to appreciate their happiness, they are still happy, to what they think is the highest degree. Thirdly, everyone in the World State is conditioned to have all the same wants. As a result of their conditioning, everyone is made to want all the same things, and in the World State, everyone gets what they want. At conditioning, they were taught to love things such as Soma, (Was and will make me ill,I take a gram and only am) so in a way, the people were manufactured for the product. That proves to be more effective; as the people become dependent and view Soma as their center of existence and no one desires for anything more then their next dose. People are told that their point in life is to love Soma, and sex and flying, so they never think of doing anything else. The pleasures of the World State become absolute, the result is, as they would say in the World State, everyone is happy now.

Students Life

At school there is a range of academic pressure we feel, derived from a need for refection, worry over grades, parental pressure, competition, sports, or a tough class load. Academic pressure does not begin In college. The nervous breakdowns, panic attacks, burnouts, and depression are also apparent In many younger students. The same situation is not always stressful for all people, and all people do not undergo the same feelings or off-putting thoughts when stressed.Having a strong support network to fall back on when times get tough at school is critical to staying upbeat and maintaining a big picture perspective. Friends can be the best people to relieve your stress, but they can also be the reason behind the tress. Choose the friends that will be positive and supportive when the going gets tough. Having a good group of friends at help you maintain a healthy and enjoyable lifestyle. External Factors Managing Pressure Academic Pressure & Cheating Friends & Competition External forc es also create academic pressure.Many of us fail in the subject of time management and excel at procrastination. The cure requires dedication and commitment. Web, set a timer for 30 minutes. Time allocation helps divide the hours to reasonable amounts so you are not left at the 1 lath hour to complete homework. Some students Just want to take the easy way out and cheat. They may have Jobs after school to support their family or themselves, which carries a higher priority for them than school work. In the same context, many students feel that excelling in sports is a higher priority than school.Others may resort to cheating to make up for their lack of academic motivation or live up to the standards set up by older siblings or parents. Back to top There are many healthy ways to deal with academic pressure. If you don't feel motivated about a subject, arrange a study group. Reward yourself after completing very section. Other ideas include: Finish your work at a nearby cafe © or lib rary if the environment at home is not the best. If you play sports or work, take time to plan your hours to include more study time as well.If you know you have a big game coming up where you will be out for long practices, work ahead. Ask your teachers for assignments for the days you wont have sufficient study time. Make sure you maintain good sleeping and eating habits and, from time to time, go out for a run, a ride on your bike, and exercise. These will help alleviate your stress and get your body moving! Up in the morning' and out to school The teacher is teaching' the Golden Rule American history and practical math You studying' hard and hoping' to pass Working' your fingers right down to the bone – Chuck Berry, School Days Ring!Ring! That lethal sound can only mean one thing; it is September and school is back in session, and along with it are the wandering eyes, cheat sheets, stolen tests, and technology, of course. Cheating has become the method of survival, the on ly way to reach and maintain the top for many†¦ But there are better routes to reach number one while keeping your integrity intact. Cheating does not make you a smarter or better person. If you set reachable goals, study hard, and get outside help, you can succeed academically without cheating. Activities and fall back on cheating when time runs out. People also resort to cheating when they have been pressured too much by their parents, or even by themselves. Finally, if you are ever caught cheating, the teacher who catches you will tell the rest of your teachers, and their trust in you and your college recommendation letters go out the window. When Friendly Competition Goes Too Far I can speak from experience when it comes to that less-than-helpful sort of imputation between my friends and me that, often times, has been the cause of much of my academic stress.For myself, I didn't want to let my parents or myself down by failing, but I also didn't want to fall below the standa rds of my friends. And when your friends are all in the running for being the class valedictorian, it's hard! But it's important to set your own goals and take on your own responsibility. It's good to be proud of other's accomplishments, but it's important to be proud of your own hard work as well. So every once in a while, make sure to give yourself a pat on the back!

Child Factors Essay

The first child factor that was found out to be the source of challenging Behavior is Temperament (Douglas, 1989, p. 3). Bates 1980 as cited from Douglas (1989, p. 3-4) have defined temperament as having a â€Å"constitutional basis†, in addition, such a behavior is perceived to appear even in early childhood, and could even persist on the latter part of one’s life. In addition, it is perceived as to be one of the â€Å"definable characteristics of the individual† and finally, is greatly affected by the environment. Thomas et al (1968) and Thomas and Chess (1977) as cited from Douglas (1989, p.4) claimed that there are two types of temperamental characteristics in children. The first is the difficult temperament child and the second is the easy temperament child (p. 5). The first cluster involves children who are â€Å"negative in mood, avoid/withdraw, non-rhythmical and settle slowly† (Douglas, 1989, p. 5). On the other hand, easily temperament children are more â€Å"positive in mood, approach new events and people, rhythmical in schedule and adjust quickly to new surroundings (p. 5). In addition with this, the temperamental difficulty has been viewed by the research of Thomas et al (1983) as cited from Douglas (1989, p.5) as something that is biological in nature, as it has been perceived as part of a child’s biological make up. However, criticisms emerge if such a temperamental behavior indeed stem out of the child’s biology or is a result of the mother’s perception among the child. Tomas et al has claimed that there might be a so-called â€Å"self-fulfilling prophecies† that mothers bestow among their children, every time that they perceive their child as badly tempered; most especially on the early days of childhood (Bates, 1980 as cited from Douglas, 1989, p. 4-5).

Roosevelts New Deal and American Federalism Assignment

Roosevelts New Deal and American Federalism - Assignment Example In the same clause, it postulates that the congress shall impose taxes and duties in a uniform manner across all the states of the United States of America. The third clause is very important as it defined the power of the congress with regard to commerce issues. It states that the congress will have power to regulate powers among the US states and also between the Unites States of America and the rest of the world as well as with the Indian tribes. This clause gave the congress and thus the federal government exclusive power over the state governments, to regulate trade and commerce as well as make, establish and enforce laws regarding commerce. By giving such powers to the federal government, the role of the states was being trampled underneath the federal government and this clause was to later play a big role in defining the power boundaries between the federal government and the state governments. Commerce is definitely very important for any government and giving commercial sup remacy to the federal government meant that the power of the state government was minimized and the power for the federal government was increased.Supreme Court judgements in the past have also helped in defining the parameters of the powers of the federal government of the United States of American over the state level laws. These decisions by the United States include the Supreme Court decisions in McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden. In this McCulloch, the second bank of United States found itself in a row with the state of Maryland. The state of Maryland had passed a law that required all banks, local or federal, to only issue local notes and also to pay taxes on these. The second bank of United States did not however want to pay tax because this was not in line with federal bank regulations. As a result, the state of Maryland took the case to court and the case was eventually decided in favour of the second bank of the United States. The Supreme Court quoted the supremac y clause of the United States constitutions and said that the state did not have the power to override the federal laws and that the court should be able subscribe to the federal laws as a guidance to its decision. The same issue was also repeated in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden (1824). In this case, the issue was about the monopoly given to Ogden on the use of the navigation waters of the New York area. The state of New York had given Ogden a monopoly over the waters of the area and also tried to convince the other neighbouring states to do the same but they refused. Gibbons, appealed to the Supreme Court which overruled the decision and argued that the state did not have powers to override the federal laws. The Supreme Court quoted the third clause of the eighth section of article I of the United

KOREAN HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

KOREAN HISTORY - Essay Example From the action in these schools, it is evident that literature in Korea was similar to that in China. Following the military resistance which occurred towards the end of king Uijong’s rule and destruction of bad and good were done indiscriminately. Fugitives ran to the mountains and left their ranks and adopted the Buddhist’s way of life.(vol 1,pp 198) They believed that their freedom would be gained from the mountains where they stayed for years. For the individuals who wanted to pursue education, Buddhism was the only option. This is because the state was slowly restoring civilian rule and those who wanted to study had nowhere to go. This led to the establishment of monastery for monks at this period. In general, early Korean education majorly originated from the Buddhist way of living due to military revolutions which ripped several dynasties apart. If the schools are expanded and the history of ancient kingdoms are taught following the relations of the five cardinals, then nobody will be interested in Buddhism. According to Kim Busik, while writing history one has to take into consideration factors which motivate the compiling of such piece of work. The factors to be considered are political and ideological. The ideological aspects should be clarified in the preface of the piece of work. The ideological aspect should bring out the clear picture of what the book talks about. For instance, Kim Busik in his book on Korean history about the kingdoms clearly brings out his motives on knowledge relating to Korea. Kim also requires that written history on a subject should be wholly. This can be shown by merging of the three kingdom history with an aim of enabling Korean civilians to have a grasp of their native history. In the written work, according to Kim Busik the compiled work should aim at serving political ends. Kim Busik also emphasized on continuity in a written work. It

Analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Analysis paper - Essay Example that is taken care of or is valued even if taking care of it costs the caretaker important things in his/her life; in this case, the relationship between the American and the girl. This is evident from the confession of the American to the girl he has made in this sentence, â€Å"That’s the only thing that bothers us. It’s the only thing that’s made us unhappy† (Hemingway). It is apparent from the dialogue between the two that while the American is not directly telling the girl to undergo abortion, he is indirectly pushing her into this act by constantly suggesting that a lot of people go through the operation and it does not cause any harm. On the other hand, the girl seems to be reluctant to contemplate the operation. This is suggestive of a liking for the unborn baby by the girl and a dislike by the American. Similarly, while the girl can see the mountains as white elephants and appreciate their beauty, the American does not seem to relate to the white mountains in any way as he says, â€Å"I’ve never seen one† (Hemingway). The girl says to the American, â€Å"No, you wouldn’t have† (Hemingway). This attitude is typical of girls. When a man does not seem to understand or approve of something that is of huge significance to women, women say that the men cannot understand because only a woman can understand the importance of that thing. For example, it takes becoming a mother to understand the warmth and passion with which a mother loves her child; a man can never understand this love because he can never become a mother. In response to this, the American says, â€Å"I might have†¦Just because you say I wouldn’t have doesn’t prove anything† (Hemingway). Now this is an attitude typical of men. They are too egoistic to give up even if they actually don’t know about something. The girl has a number of reasons to want the baby just like the American has them to not want the baby. The American does not want the child probably because it takes a lot of

The Assessment and Prevention of Patient Bed Sores Essay

The Assessment and Prevention of Patient Bed Sores - Essay Example These ideas have been included in this research as well as how they are critically assessed. The idea of preventing bed sores is the main theme found within these pages, and there are a myriad of ways one can go about protecting a patient from acquiring these adverse sores. In conclusion the body of this literature reached it's finality by emphasizing how imperative it is to have good nursing care with preventive procedures that help the patient with adversities such as bedsores. The reason this was found to be conclusive was so that it could be ensured the final outcome for the patient could be expected to be a positive one. Bed sores happen to be a very serious complication in patient care. It is readily hard to believe that what is termed a simple bed sore or "pressure sore" can lead to a patient's death but yet, it very well can if a form of proper interventive care and assessments are not carried out right away. This point can be validated in the research done on bed sores through the Mayo Clinic of Health (2005). There is familiarity with the actor Christopher Reeve's but little is known as to his cause of death which ultimately was found to be a bed sore that had developed and gradually proceeded to get progressively worse due to his quadriplegic state. This idea is brought in to this literature in order to give a full and cohesive account as to how severe bed sores or ulcerations of the skin can actually be to the patients' health. Bedsores can progress rather rapidly and cause many complications in the realm of quality patient care but what is found is that they do not have to take place at all. A huge amount of research has been carried out by many experts in health care and it has shown that ulcer injury is a highly significant problem in caring for patients. However, following the preventive care guidelines that are found in various clinical care settings can effectively assist nurses in providing critical care for patients who are more apse to acquire these ulcerations (Lewis et al 2003). Nurses simple have to implement the correct regular assessments of patients and introduce the most efficient preventive measures to reduce these types of patient adversities. Within the country of Australia there is a definite problem with this type of healthcare complication which this literature is essentially pointing out. It is estimated that the preventive care alone is tallying in at $350 million dollars per year, which stresses the significance of the problem and introduces the probability that there needs to be a more definitive means of ensuring less occurrences of these types of ailments in patient care (Lewis et al 2003). Because pressure ulcers normally form on parts of the body that lie immobile and are constantly under the body weight of the patient, the preventive care is far more complicated. Furthermore, another problem that nurses face in preventive treatment of ulcers is the fact that many of these treatment regimens have not been found to be a surefire way of prevention and have even been known to exacerbate the problem far more than what it initially started as (Lewis et al

How is the technologically mediated behavior driven by the low Essay

How is the technologically mediated behavior driven by the low fidelity public soundscape - Essay Example It is evident from the study that the idea of a public soundscape for instance, has only turn out to be important over the past few centuries, as sealed and enfolded buildings turned out to be more common. Previous to completely enfolded buildings, sound flowed mainly unrestrained from the private ball to the public, and vice versa which destined that, two persons in close proximity to each other experienced an analogous soundscape, despite of whether they occurred to be in the private or public realm. â€Å"R. Murray Schafer, one of the early pioneers of the study of soundscapes indicates that the rise of life spent primarily indoors gave way to two enduring phenomenon: the high art of music, and noise pollution† (Neudorf 3). The events of public soundscapes keep on developing in the current period of mobile phones and moveable music instruments. Nowadays it is possible, certainly general, to build ‘semi- private’ soundscapes (by way of make use of movable device of music and mobile phones) in public spaces, which highly block soundscapes in public. The idea of soundscape which represents a spatial implication no longer appears to fit in this circumstance; ‘sound experience’ may be a more suitable word given to the rising disconnect among site and audio perception. Second difference can be made among soundscapes in densely inhabited (urban) places and soundscapes in places that are less impacted by the activity of the persons. The density of the sound normally reflects the population compactness of the human being. However, there are numerous exemptions, where in high compactness places, sounds must contend  with each other with the intention to be heard. And also at the same time, sounds originate by human beings and their particular activities normally dominate urban soundscapes, as natural sounds hardly ever adjust to a louder soundscapes by raising their volume. Soundscapes, which are not conquered by activity of the huma n being, may have more moderate and reasonable, but they are distant (far) from unfilled. Even urban soundscapes which may not provide wealthy and rich environmental habitats frequently consist of impressive sounds.  Research method used to conduct the study is the primary research method. Primary research method used to acquire most authentic data directly from respondent. It is include survey method, interview method and Questionnaire Survey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is a certain kind of risk in adopting the word soundscape which has a clear etymological debt to its progenitor landscape that a variety of suggestions from the visual world will also be adopted into the audio realm. Schafer builds the perceptive examination that unlike landscapes; soundscapes are concerning various activities and actions, not artifacts. In view of the fact that soundscapes are based on these activities, they are intrinsically unique at any of the specified point in time and space. â€Å"Scha fer suggests that there are two ways to improve the soundscape. The first is to increase sonological competence through an education program that attempts to imbue new generations with an appreciation of environmental sound. This he believes will foster a new approach to design - the second way - that will incorporate an appreciation of sound and thus reduce the wasted energy that noise represents† (Wrightson & Gil par. 24). Differentiation between Private and Public Soundscapes:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A soundscape is a kind of sound or amalgamation of sounds that shapes or occurs from an immersive

Health Promotion Reflective Piece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Promotion Reflective Piece - Essay Example Space was restrictively limited. Healthcare equipments were unfavorably lacking. There was a shortage of volunteer staff, leading to my group’s burn-out possibilities. Time constraint reduced healthcare delivery quality. However, such limitations further honed my leadership skills. Further, the World Health Organization rightfully spearheads the global healthcare process. The organization ensures stopping any disorder. The same organization focuses on improving the global population’s health issues. The organization helps alleviate or reduce the world’s disability statistics. Global health transcends the other concerns of each member nation (Sines, 2009). Furthermore, public health correctly incorporates several intervention processes (Sines, 2009). Disease is prevented from escalating or erupting. The average person’s life expectancy is increase. My Kyrgyztan volunteer team’s limited time, equipment, and other resources did not deter our successful delivery of quality services to our assigned patients. My team effectively delivered timely intervention strategies by framing each patient’s problem or issue, gathering of relevant evidences and related intervention data (patients’ daily data tracking charts and corresponding reports), and implementing the best intervention procedures within the limited time constraints. Moreover, health care theories are important (Sines, 2009). For example, the social cognitive theory rightfully focuses on learning from other people through observations and lectures. The health belief model correctly centers on the using the patients’ beliefs and attitudes to predict the patients’ future healthcare behavior. Lastly, I applied the change theory correctly enhance delivery of healthcare services to my Kyrgyzstan patients. Further, I liked the program planning cycle. I keenly applied the planning cycle when assessing my Kyrgyzstan patients’ healthcare needs, including

The Role of Music in My Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Role of Music in My Life - Essay Example Personally, music usually caters to my different moods. For instance, when I am feeling lonely, I listen to classical music because the kinds of Bach and Beethoven have a soothing effect that penetrates the heart. When I feel so down and hopeless, I listen to inspirational songs that lift my spirits up. I believe this manner is really very effective because after some time, I feel a lot better and continue to live, inspired. At other times, there are feelings I cannot quite express especially with the people I love, like anger. I turn to music, to songs that convey messages that relate to my situation. Songs sometimes teach me as well about facts of life especially regarding feelings and it helps to know that I am not alone in the struggles I meet. When I am glad, I also turn to music which I believe is how most of us express our happiness. Music gives the joy like what being in love brings, that is why there are so many songs that tell different love stories. Probably, it could also be said that music is another universal language aside from love.

Baker and McKenzie Law Firm in Worldwide Markets Research Paper - 1

Baker and McKenzie Law Firm in Worldwide Markets - Research Paper Example Baker and McKenzie is an American law firm based in Chicago city. The firm has a total of 3774 attorneys, 1349 partners, and 2425 associates (Baker and McKenzie 1). Baker and McKenzie law firm tops the list of the most successful law firms in the United States. The firm is renowned to have redefined the worldwide law firm of the 20th century in order to meet the global economic challenges of the 21st century. The 3774 lawyers are located in over 70 offices worldwide. The firm has a unique way of working, thinking and behaving. The function across borders and they deal with a wide variety of issues as well as practices (Baker and McKenzie 1). Baker and McKenzie law firm understands the economic challenges facing the globe, and for that reason, it has been of the forefront of matters since the firm’s opening in 1949. Laws that work in Baker and McKenzie law firm include financial litigation, product liability, aviation law, capital markets, bankruptcy, business and industry, com mercial law, insolvency, intellectual property, international law, international trade, and investment law. The firm also deals with consumer law, contracts, copyright, corporate governance, and corporate law among others (Baker and McKenzie 1). The firm has advised leading companies on matters of today’s incorporated world market. Baker and McKenzie law firm has cultivated the tradition, commercial simplicity, and technical, as well as interpersonal skills, vital to offer world-class service tailored to the needs of world-class customers globally.

The Use of Light in Bill Henson and Caravaggios Work Essay Example for Free

The Use of Light in Bill Henson and Caravaggios Work Essay Through the use of light, artists continue to receive a strong emotional response from the audience. This is an essential element of an audience’s perception of a work – it may determine whether the artwork is perceived as happy or depressing, or even provides the difference between whether the work is friendly and welcoming, or shocking and confronting. Artists have used light for a long time to stimulate the emotions of the viewer. Two artists that have used this technique are Bill Henson and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, or more simply known as just Caravaggio. Bill Henson is a contemporary Australian photographer, born in 1955, while Caravaggio was an Italian painter (1571 – 1610). When Henson’s photographs are viewed through the subjective frame, they are looking to induce an emotional response from the viewer, while through the cultural frame, they are depicting the themes and issues of adolescence, isolation, the urban landscape and more. When Caravaggio’s work is similarly viewed through these two frames, his paintings induce an emotional response from the viewer, and his work is culturally significant. His paintings are often depicting scenes from history, a recurring theme being religious scenes from the bible. There is a similar key tool used by both artists to reach their audience. This is their use of light. Both Bill Henson’s and Caravaggio’s work includes a similar dominant stylistic device. This device is called ‘chiaroscuro’, which is an Italian term, meaning ‘light-dark’. It refers to the tonal contrasts used in art. Caravaggio was a pioneer of a style of painting called Tenebrism (literally translating to ‘murky’), in which a leading aspect was the dramatic lighting and prominent, heightened chiaroscuro. Caravaggio’s use of tenebrism brought a dramatic feel to the subjects, heightening the emotional intensity of the work. This intensity was then transferred to the viewers through the subjects of Caravaggio’s works. The subjects were most often realistic human figures, which made the work extremely easy to sympathise with. Caravaggio effectively portrayed emotion in his paintings, dramatising his figures and bringing a story into his work. This is why his art was so successful in reaching his audience and connecting him with the art world. This is a similar concept in Henson’s work. Most of his subjects are human figures, assisting him in the representation of his ideas in a confronting, direct, and sometimes controversial way. The way that Henson achieves the same effect of chiaroscuro in his photographs as Caravaggio does in his paintings, is through his underexposure and adjustment in printing. Henson’s work is powerful, creating an illusion of both a painting and a film through a combination of different techniques that make his work unique. The most prominent feature and device of Henson’s work is his use of light. The majority of his work features dark tones and colours, sometimes slightly tinted with yellow, red or blue. The brighter portions of Henson’s photographs and his use of light is tactically well controlled to uncover only crucial details. In some of his photographs, Henson juxtaposes the colourful yet mysterious, distant city lights through the use of bokkeh, with the underexposed, graphic images of the subject in the foreground. Some examples of this in his work include several images from the Untitled 2000/01 series, such as the girl sitting, the girl that is lying down, yet at the same time positioned so to look as if she is in flight, and another image of a girl lying on her stomach, Untitled #52. A combination of all of these devices is how Henson creates a mood for his photographs and opens his art to the world. He attracts the attention of audience and raises their awareness of a situation and his view of it, yet he still leaves his work open for interpretation and analysis. In a way, Henson’s work is almost haunting. It allows the viewer to feel as if they are almost spying on the subjects of Henson’s photographs. This is achieved by the way his photographs seem to stare right past the viewer, carrying on with their actions. This forces the audience to consider whether these are really models or actors, or if they are real life, documented figures. This is seen in his photograph of the girl in Untitled 2000/01. Through the use of chilling tones and contrast, along with his use of bokkeh, Henson allows the viewer to interpret the image in several different ways. The soft, pastel blue tinge on the girl’s skin suggests an almost unhealthy and dirty look, while the blurred city lights in the background aid with the image’s sense of mystery. This feeling of â€Å"spying on the subject† is also seen in Henson’s work Untitled 1994/95, as well as Untitled 1995/96 series where Henson’s use of white space highlights the possibility of a peephole or vantage point of sorts into the image’s environment. This is also a prime example of how Henson uses light to stimulate the emotions of the viewer. Surprisingly, during the time of their exhibition, Henson’s works did not spark much controversy, despite the particularly touchy subject of nude adolescent girls being exhibited in them. It was more recently, however, that a controversial issue was debated about Henson’s works, and a police investigation had even been issued, as well as Prime Minister Kevin Rudd commented on Henson’s works, and referred to them as â€Å"absolutely revolting†, of â€Å"no artistic merit† and â€Å"that Bill Henson† was becoming a notorious household name. For Henson, this criticism was nothing out of the ordinary. It was the product of his works being open for varying interpretations from his audience. His works empower the audience to experience their own diverse selection of emotions, and these emotions vary by interpretation. Caravaggio’s use of chiaroscuro was very unique. Artists had used it before him, but he was the one who perfected the technique and used it flawlessly throughout his works. Caravaggio’s work was emotionally provoking for audiences, as the severe contrast of shadow and light created a new feeling of passion in his paintings, mixed with harsh reality. There is no doubt that Henson was influenced by Caravagesques and Tenebrists. Caravaggio was an expert in darkening the shadows in his work and drawing attention to the subject by placing them in a mesmerizing light. Some examples of his work where he did this include Judith Beheading Holofernes, 1598/99, as well as The Entombment of Christ, 1602/03. These are only two examples, but his use of chiaroscuro is seen throughout every one of his works. Not only did this technique fixate the attention of the viewer on the subject, it heightened their emotional response to the painting. All his paintings scream of, and were filled with, drama and emotion, and the key component of him achieving this was through his use of light, almost burning the image into the viewer’s brain. Both Bill Henson and Caravaggio are surprisingly similar in several ways. Both their works are realistically appealing, yet confronting. Henson creates painterly photographs, while Caravaggio successfully creates cinematic paintings. However, there is one particular thing that ties these two artists together and shows their similarity exceptionally well, and this is their extensive use of light to set a mood to their work, and to evoke an emotional response from their audience. â€Å"Work a great deal with evening effects, a lamp, a candle, etc. The tantalizing thing is not always the source of light, but the effect of light. † – Edgar Degas.

Advanced breast cancer

Advanced breast cancer Background Cancer accounts for 13% of all deaths in 2007, making it the largest cause of mortality worldwide and is the leading cause of premature death in Scotland. 2,22 Out of the staggering figure of 27,500 new cases that were diagnosed on that same year in Scotland, 4044 of them are breast cancer cases, making breast cancer the most commonly diagnosed cancer among Scottish women.3 In the UK, 16-20% of women have advanced breast cancer and approximately 40-50% of those diagnosed with early or localised breast cancer may eventually develop metastatic disease. Breast cancer is usually defined using a staging system known as the Tumour, Node and Metastasis Staging System (TNM) and stage III and IV are known as advanced stages of the disease with stage III being locally advanced and or has spread to regional lymph nodes and stage IV describing the presence of metastases at distant sites such as the bone, brain, or lung.23 In the elderly group of female cancer patients, the prevalence of breast cancer is highest at 4% and these post-menopausal women make up 80% of all breast cancer patients, hence proving that the risk increases with age.1 Apart from age, other factors like family history, uninterrupted oestrogen exposure, early menarche, late menopause, late first pregnancy, hormone replacement therapy, obesity, not breast feeding, taking oral contraceptives and past breast cancer may all attribute to a higher risk of developing breast cancer.9 Over the last decade, mortality rates from breast cancer have dropped by almost 14%, despite having more women diagnosed with the disease. In 2000-2004, the survival rate for breast cancer patients has also bumped up to 84% compared to a mere 64% 20 years earlier.4Improvement in prognosis, screening techniques such as mammography, ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI), earlier diagnosis of cancers in women participating in the Scottish Breast Screening Programme, a myriad of new hormonal and chemotherapy treatments, and better organisation and patient care plans has attributed to the substantial increase in incidence and survival rate of breast cancer patients. Women today are also encouraged to perform self breast examinations, hence are familiar with the shape and feel of their breasts, as well as to look out for abnormities like a new discrete lump, nipple discharge, unilateral persistent pain especially in post-menopausal women or pain associated with a lump and skin changes comprising of skin tethering, ulceration, abscess or inflammation.However, there is still a disparity between women from different social classes in terms of combating this disease. Women from more affluent backgrounds are more likely to have their breast cancer diagnosed earlier, have slower disease progression from the time of diagnoses and higher survival rates compared to women from poorer socioeconomic backgrounds. Women from more deprived communities are more likely to be diagnosed with the advanced stage of the disease. Pathogenesis Cancer or malignant neoplasm which literally means new growth is a disease manifested in the form of uncontrolled cell proliferations, dedifferentiation and loss of function, invasiveness and metastasis.6 Breast cancer usually forms from the inner lining of milk ducts or the lobules that supply the ducts with milk. In patients with Breast Cancer, women who inherit a single defective copy of tumour suppressor genes BRCA1 or BRCA 2 have a marked higher risk of developing breast cancer in their lifetime. The presence of a defective BRCA1 or BRCA 2 gene can invoke changes in several cellular systems including the signaling pathways and receptors of growth factors and cell cycle tranducers, the apoptotic machinery which responsible for programmed cell death that normally disposes of abnormal cells, the secretion of telomerase, and local blood vessels which results in tumour-directed angiogenesis to supply nutrients to these tumours both aids the proliferation of cancer cells.7,8 Breast cancer cells are able to invade other tissues like the lymph nodes as they no longer exercise the same restraints as the normal cells and they also secrete enzymes like metalloproteainase to break down the extracellular matrix, conferring them mobility. Metastases are secondary tumours normally found in the advanced stage of breast cancer formed by cells released from the primary tumour and have reached and have established themselves at other sites like the lung brain or the bones which are common sites for metastatic cancers of breast origin through blood vessels and lymphatics. The tissues of lung, brain and bone origin express high levels of CXR4 chemokine receptors produced by the breast cancer cells, facilitating the selective accumulation of the cells at these sites.6 Treatment Options There are three main approaches to treating breast cancer, namely surgical excision, irradiation and a host of systemic disease-modifying therapies or a combination and is chosen based on the stage of breast cancer. However, when caring for patients with advanced breast cancer, the goal of treatment of advanced breast cancer is to palliate symptoms, improve survival and quality of life. There are notably three types of systemic disease-modifying therapies to treat advance breast cancer namely endocrine therapy, chemotherapy and biological therapy. Endocrine Therapy Oestrogen exposure has been instrumental in inducing mutations that can lead to breast cancer as they can stimulate cell growth in most of human breast cancer cell lines expressing Oestrogen Receptor (ER) ÃŽÂ ± .8 Clinical studies have proven that more than half of breast carcinomas are ER ÃŽÂ ± positive and respond fairly well to endocrine therapy. Drugs are aimed either to change the ER signaling pathways or prevent estrogen synthesis.7 Tamoxifen and 3rd generation Aromatase Inhibitors (AI) have been used for advance breast cancer with the former being effective in premenopausal, perimenopausal and post menopausal women. Pre-menopausal and perimenopausal cancer patients with ER positive tumours should be offered Tamoxifen tablets 20 mg daily, an oestrogen -receptor antagonist and ovarian ablation or the administration of LHRH agonists such as Buserelin or Goserelin as first-line treatment.5,12 Both options are just as effective in terms of tumour response and overall surviva l rates. The latter group of drugs, AI, are the preferred choice for post-menopausal women only with no prior history of endocrine therapy or have been previously been treated with Tamoxifen. AI work predominantly by suppressing oestrogen levels in post-menopausal women by blocking the conversion of androgens to oestrogens in the peripheral tissues. However, they do not inhibit ovarian oestrogen synthesis, hence can cause an elevation in oestradiol levels in pre-menopausal women. Anastrozole and Letrozole are non-steroidal AIs are known to be as efficacious as Tamoxifen as first -line treatment of metastatic breast cancer. 14Exemestane is a steroidal AI used as second-line treatment in advanced breast cancer in post-menopausal women in whom anti-oestrogen therapy has failed. Fulvestrant, an oestrogen receptor antagonist also confers short term benefits in the clinical setting for post-menopausal women who was previously prescribed a non-steroidal AI, delaying the need for chemotherapy. 13AI h ave been associated with an increased progression-free survival and 13% decrease risk of mortality and lower incidence of vaginal bleeds and blood clots. However, patients given AI are more prone to hot flushes and gastro-intestinal symptoms. 5 Other endocrine therapies available include older and less popular therapies such as progestogen and androgen for pre-menopausal women and stilboesterol and trilostane for post-menopausal women. 5 Chemotherapy Both ER positive and negative patients with advanced breast cancer would benefit from either a choice of two or three regiments of chemotherapy and classes of drugs commonly prescribed includes antharacyclines, taxanes, capecitabine, vinorelbine, gemcitabine, alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide and platinum based drugs like carboplatin.5 Anthracyclines such as Epirubicin, Mitoxantrone and Doxorubicin are prescribed as first line chemotherapy as they boost modest survival advantage in patients with advanced breast cancer and are superior to non-anthracycline regimens.1,5Doxorubicin is commonly given via injection into a fast running infusion at 21 day intervals as extravastation can cause severe tissue damage. It exerts a cytotoxic effect by interfering with DNA and RNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA toposiomerase II action. The metabolites are excreted through the bile, hence elevated bilirubin levels are indicative of a need to reduce the dosage. 6,12 Higher accumulation of doses may result in cardiopathy precipitating to heart failure, hence cardiac monitoring is deemed important in managing cancer patients taking it and a limit of total cumulative doses is set at 450 mg/m2.Other symptoms of toxicity includes myelodysplasia and neutropenic sepsis. Doxorubicin is also available in liposomal formulations which are safer in terms of reduced incidents of cardiotoxicity and local necrosis but is not recommended by the Scottish Medicines Consortium for treatment of metastatic breast cancer.1,12 Both Epirubicin,an anthracycline derivative, and Mitoxantrone ,an anthracenedione derivative,are structurally related to Doxorubicin, hence similar drug activity could be predicted for all three drugs.12 Mitoxantrone given intravenously is licenced to treat metastatic breast cancer and has been well tolerated by patients.However, side effects like myelosuppression and cardiotoxicity are evident and cardiac examinations are recommended after a cumulative dose of 160 mg/m2.12When both drugs are compared in a clinical trial, Epirubicin boosts higher response rates despite demonstrating a higher percentage of toxicity related side effects.20Clinical trials suggest the efficacy of Epirubicin in treating advanced breast cancer is comparable to Doxorubicin as similar response rates were recorded when equal doses were given. These trials also indicated that patients taking Epirubicin had fewer episodes of congestive heart failure and other complications resulting from cardiotoxicity. Therefo re, it could be surmised that Epirubicin is the drug of choice in this regimen .However,a limit of 0.9-1 g/m2 was still imposed when Epirubicin is given to avoid cardiotoxicity. 1,12 Due to the ineffectiveness of single-agent anthracycline therapies in impeding disease progression, combination therapies are often considered for the treatment of advanced breast cancer after failure of with anthracycline monotherapy, provided that the patient is able to tolerate additional toxicity and have a higher chance of response.5 There are clinical evidence suggesting that a combination of anthracycline and taxanes like Doxorubicin and Docetaxel have resulted in better tumour response, delayed progression time compared and reduce risk of mortality to anthracycline monotherapy. The benefits of this synergistic combination, however, did not include improved survival and side effects experienced were more numerous such as thrombocytopenia, alopecia in 75% of these patients,a 10% increase in peripheral neuropathy and neutropenia in 40 to 68% of these patients.1,5 A combination of Epirubicin and Docetaxel would be a better choice as it is just as potent as the Doxycycline and Pac litaxel combination but deemed free of side effects like cardiotoxicity and fluid retention whereas neutropenia was the dose-limiting toxicity .21 Systemic chemotherapy should be offered to patients whom antrhracyclines are contraindicated in cases of cardiac disease hypertension,the elderly, those who have received myocardial irradiation ,those receiving radiotherapy for breast cancer or had receive prior adjuvant treatment with anthracycline. Docetaxel monotherapy is prescribed as the first-line drug followed by single-agent Vinorelbine or Capecitabine as the second-line treatment. Third-line treatment encompasses the use of either Vinorelbine or Capecitabine of which was not offered previously.5 Docetaxel, a member of the taxane group derived from a naturally occurring compound from the bark of yew trees, is licensed to treat locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. It acts by stabilizing microtubules in the polymerized state, preventing cell division. Side effects associated with Docetaxel are myelosupression, peripheral neuropathy, cardiac conduction defects with arrhythmias, alopecia, muscle pain, nausea and vomiting . Patients currently on Docetaxel are also susceptible to leg oedema and hypersensitivity reactions, which can be ameliorated by taking Dexamethasone orally.1,6,12 Antimetabolites like Capecitabine is a rationally designed tumour-activated and tumour-selective fluoropyrimidine carbamate thatis metabolized to generate 5-fluorouracil at the tumour site which would then be converted to fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FDUMP), a fraudulent nucleotide and interact and inhibit thymidilate synthetase,preventing the synthesis of 2-deoxythymidilate (DTMP),which is vital for DNA synthesis.17Capecitabine has a role in second-line or third-line treatment of chemotherapy for patients of locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer either in combination with Docetaxel or given orally alone at a dose of 1250 mg/m2 twice daily for a forthnight and subsequent courses are repeated after a 7-day interval. Vinorelbine is a semi-synthetic analogue of vinblastine, a vinca alkaloid derived from Madagascar periwinkle. Unlike taxanes, it is targeted at tubulin of mitotic microtubules to form tubulin dimers which prevents spindle formation in dividing cells leading to mitotic arrest at metaphase resulting in cell death. 6 Besides inhibiting mitosis, its effects are also significant in inhibiting leucocyte phagocytosis, chemotaxis and axonal transport in neurons. Hence, side effects includes neutropenia which was found to be the dose-limiting, peripheral or autonomic neuropathy which manifests as peripheral paraestesia, loss of deep tendon reflexes and motor weakness,constipation and abdominal pain. Neurotoxicity caused by Vinorelbine is considered relatively mild compared to other vinca alkaloids even at maximum tolerated dose as it preferentially binds to mitotic over axonal microtubules. 6,12 Vinorelbine is an option to anthracycline or taxane pre-treated patients with advanced breast canc er as second-line or third-line chemotherapy given via intravenous administration at a dose of 30mg/m2 in 250 ml of normal saline over 1 hour. Alternatively, Vinorelbine can be given orally at a dose of 60 mg/m2 for 3 weeks and can be increased if the patient shows good tolerance to the regime to maximum dose of 160 mg once weekly. A clinical response rates of 16-60% was seen with Vinorelbine as a single agent, 28-77% in combination chemotherapy.5, 16 A study comparing Vinorelbine in intravenous(i.v.) form used in combination with Capecitabine given orally and a combination therapy of Vinorelbine and Capecitabine both in oral formulations was done to observe the efficacy of both combinations in anthracycline and taxane pretreated patients with metastatic breast cancer. Despite showing a marginally higher percentage in control of the disease in the oral group,improved survival rates and lower incidence of neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were associated with the i.v. group.17 This study has also shown that a combination of Vinorelbine with Capecitabine therapy may confer advantages as both have unique mechanisms of action, different proposed mechanism of drug resistance and relatively non-overlapping toxicity profiles. However, this combination has yet to be recommended by the NICE or SIGN guidelines as it has yet to be proven to be cost-effective. The recommendation for systemic chemotherapy by NICE is done following a cost-utility analysis which compares chemotherapy regiments in terms of survival, quality of life and associated costs of 17 different strategies drawn up. From the table below, strategies that gives the best survival rates and quality of life are combinations 3,4,13 and 15.However,combinations 3 and 4 that offer Gemcitabine and Docetaxel as the first line are somewhat more costly by approximately  £ 10 000 in total costs compared to combinations 13 and 15.It is also proven here that offering Docetaxel as a first-line drug is also superior to Paclitaxel as survival rates and quality of life are slightly poorer in combinations 8 and 10. 5 Biological Therapy New agents to specifically target molecular processes have been developed over the last decade like Tratuzumab, Bevacizumab and Lapatinib which are all used to treat advanced breast cancer. Tratuzumab, the sole drug of its kind recommended by NICE for use in the UK, is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody which binds to Human Epidermal Growth Factor (HER2) on the cancer cells with HER2 over expression and impedes the growth. Hence, HER2 status should be assessed before commencing this therapy as only a quarter of patients with advanced breast cancer have HER2 positive tumours. Tratuzumab is given intravenously in combination with Paclitaxel, Docetaxel or Vinorelbin has been well tolerated. 5,11However, once disease progression occur outside the central nervous system, Tratuzumab should be discontinued. Bevacizumab is another monoclonal antibody aimed at affecting the growth of tumour blood vessels and Lapatinib affects the metabolic pathways of the HER2 and Epidemal Growth Fac tor Receptor (EGFR). 5,23. Surgery Surgical intervention comprises of conservation surgery which involves the removal of the tumour with a rim of surrounding breast tissue with retention of the breast followed by radiation therapy and mastectomy which is usually followed by breast reconstruction. However, these surgical procedures are limited to patients diagnosed with primary operable breast cancer or as palliative surgery for locally advanced breast cancer as they may not confer much benefits to patients diagnosed with later stages of breast cancer.1,11,19 Some patients may have already underwent surgery which was not very successful in eliminating the disease.1 Treatment Recommendation Hormonal therapies are the recommended first-line therapy for patients with an ER positive tumour, are widely used and are said to be appropriate for 70 % of patients who have hormone receptor -positive advance breast cancer. However, in circumstances whereby the disease is life-threatening or the patient has an ER negative tumour, the hormonal therapy would be of no benefit to these patients. At the time of initial diagnosis, the oestrogen receptor (ER) was accessed and the results came out positive before considering commencing on endocrine therapy. Several factors like previous endocrine therapy including adjuvant therapy, the extent and period of response to the therapy and menopausal status have to be taken into account before prescribing hormonal therapy. 5The patient is 62 years of age and is considered to be post-menopausal, hence would benefit tremendously when given aromatase inhibitors(AI),regardless of whether she is tamoxifen naÃÆ' ¯ve. A choice of non-steroidal AIs o f either Anastrozole 1 mg daily or Letrozole 2.5 daily could be given orally. However, if she has a prior history of non-steroidal AIs and she failed to respond well to it, she should be given either Exemestane 25 mg orally or Fulvestrant 250 mg via intramuscular injection into the gluteal muscle every 4 weeks.5,12 Chemotherapy would be the second choice of treatment following failure to respond to hormonal therapy. If anthracyclines are not contraindicated for this patient, Epirubicin would be a good choice. Initial doses of 75 mg/m 2 of Epirubicin could be given intravenously every three weeks.20The addition of Docetaxel 75 mg/m2in combination with Epirubicin 90 mg/m2 both by intravenous infusions could be given should Epirubicin monotherapy fails. Docetaxel monotherapy could also be given as an intravenous infusion at a dose of100 mg/m2 as a 1-hour intravenous infusion every 3 weeks should anthracyclines be contraindicatedas first-line chemotherapy. Vinorelbine monotherapy could be given intravenously at a dose of 30 mg/m2 for days 1 and 8 of a cycle or whereares Capecitabine monotherapy could be given orally at a dose 1250 mg/m2 twice daily for two weeks. If the patient fails to respond to the entire treatment, the last resort would be to offer support and palliative care to this patient. Pain Management Pain is usually associated with progression of cancer with three quarters of patients with advanced cancer reporting pain during treatment. The principles for treating pain in cancer patients are outlined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) analgesic ladder: Patients are the prime assessor of pain and should have treatment outcomes monitored regularly using visual analogue scales, numerical rating scales. Patients usually start with non-opioids and then progress stepwise to step 2 and step 3. However, critics have debated that the progression to step 2 analgesics was obsolete as inadequate pain control was an issue despite having to endure similar adverse effects when given step 3 analgesics and recommended a immediate step up to step 3. Most patients with advanced breast cancer will be on step 3 for pain control. Oral morphine with an initial dose of 5-20 mg every four hourly, adjusted according to patients response, would be the first-line therapy to treat severe pain in cancer before switching to a modified release preparation once the patient is stabilized on it. Breakthrough pain should be managed while on a modified release preparation by prescribing oral morphine at 1/6th of the total daily dose to be taken when necessary. The use of adjuvants such as antidepressants like Venlafaxine and anticonvulsants like Gaba-pentin are recommended for neuropathic pain. 18 Managing Complications Complications that may arise from treating patients with advance breast cancer includes lymphoedema,cancer-related fatigue,uncontrolled local disease,bone metastases and brain metastases. Lymphoedema may occur due to damage to lymph nodes and vessels following surgery and radiotherapy or as a sign of loco-regional disease progression. This condition can be managed through manual lymphatic drainage, multi-layer lymphoedema bandaging,goos skin care and remedial exercise. Cancer-related fatigue may be well managed by identifying the factors causing lethargy which may be a host of psychological, nutritional and cognitive factors apart from the cancer itself and them treating them accordingly. Patients may also develop local disease characterized by ulceration on the chest wall and axilla, fungating tumours that may bleed and exude discharge, causing pain and giving off repulsive odours. Hence, good wound management should be adopted in relation to preventing dire consequences when wounds are left unattended. Out of the three categories, cancer with distant metastases is the hardest to treat and is considered an incurable disease with palliative care being the sole priority in treatment plans. A diagnosis of metastatic disease could be confirmed with the use of positron emission tomography fused with computed tomography (PET-CT) and bone scintilography.1As bone metastases may be a long-term condition, management involves prevention of skeletal events, pain control with Biphosphonates,radiotherapy and cementoplasty and treating complications such as fractures,immobility and spinal cord compression.5,18 Brain metastases may develop in multiple sites in these patients as most drugs used in chemotherapy cannot penetrate the blood brain barrier, especially in women with HER2-overexpressing tumours. Diagnosis of brain tumours ultimately mean a loss of independence, physical deterioration, communication difficulties,psychological distress and issues regarding body image.Treatment regimens includ es surgery for patients who have solitary metastasis, corticosteroids for symptomatic relief of inflammation and radiotherapy.

Business Intelligence :: essays research papers

Business Intelligence for competitive advantage In the beginning, businesses used information technology for automating the processes primarily to reduce labor costs. Subsequently, information technology is used for delivering information with speed and accuracy. Currently, businesses want to use the information effectively for competitive advantage to make better decisions that improve and optimize business processes, predict the market dynamics accurately, optimize forecasts to adequately maintain resources to name a few reasons. Businesses reached a critical juncture in global competition and the business intelligence capabilities and analytic prowess will play critical roles in the most competitive sectors of global economy. First of all, business intelligence analysis requires the capturing of information and storing in a single location for effective data analysis. Currently, data analysis is supported by transactional systems, business specific data marts, and other ad-hoc processes. Information is distributed making it difficult and time-consuming to access. Business teams have adapted to this environment by creating user maintained databases and manual â€Å"work-arounds† to support new types of reporting and analysis. This has resulted in inconsistent data, redundant data storage, significant resource use for maintenance, and inefficient response to changing business needs. A data warehouse comprised of disparate data sources enables the â€Å"single version of truth† through shared data repositories and standards and also provides access to the data that will expand frequency and depth of data analysis. Due to these reasons, data warehouse is the foundation for business intelligence. As a Technical Architect, I am involved in the design and development of the Enterprise Data Warehouse at Target. I and many of my colleagues worked hard to make the business case of the importance of the data warehouse and its value addition to the company.

An investigation of the glucose concentration of the cell sap in potato

An investigation of the glucose concentration of the cell sap in potato cells In this experiment I intend to investigate the effects of osmosis on potato cells. Specifically, I intend to use my knowledge of osmosis to investigate the glucose concentration of the cell sap in potato cells. Osmosis is a method by which water levels on either side of a semi permeable membrane may balance themselves. It occurs between regions of high water concentration and low water concentration. As it is a special method of diffusion exclusive to water, it also allows dilute and concentrated solutions to balance their strengths. It does this by preventing large non-water particles from passing through the semi-permeable membrane due to their size, in order that the water levels on either side may equate, regardless of the solution's other contents. Osmosis is passive, that is to say it does not require energy in order to be performed. This is because it occurs solely between regions of high and low water concentration. The direction and speed of osmosis depends on the two solutions' osmotic potential. This is the measure of the pressure by which the water molecules of a solution diffuse across a semi-permeable membrane. A solution's potential is defined by its concentration. The more soluble a solution has in it, the lower its water concentration and the lower its osmotic potential. In the example below sugar molecules represent the soluble. Cell sap is contained in the vacuole of a cell and is a part glucose, part water solution. The membrane of the cell acts as a semi-permeable membrane across which osmosis occurs (see below). In the case of osmosis into and out of the vacuole, it occurs across two membranes - the plasmalemma and the tonoplast. When osmosis occurs, water may enter or leave the vacuole according to the concentration of the substances inside and outside the potato cell. In the example below we see what would happen if a plant cell were surrounded by pure water. As pure water has the highest water concentration possible, osmosis will invariably occur into the cell vacuole, which by definition contains a solution lower water concentration. The plant cell will take in as much water as is needed to make the water levels on either side of the membrane equal. As the glucose molecules cannot pass out of the cell to equate the water levels, the volume of cell sa... ...order to obtain a wider and more precise base of evidence. There is scope for further investigation of the topic in order to obtain further evidence and draw a more accurate conclusion. For example, now the concentration of potato cell sap has been identified at about 15%, a smaller range of solution strengths could be used in an otherwise identical experiment; 5 solutions of 10% and 20% concentration for example. Alternatively, investigations could be conducted into the effects of osmosis on different vegetables or more widely plants in general. For further information on the potato, the same experiment could be conducted using samples from different parts of the plant. This would establish whether different areas of a plant have differing levels of sucrose in their cell sap. Any of these suggestions would both help to support my conclusion and extend the investigation in general further. Bibliography - GCSE Biology D. G. Mackean - Biology for You Gareth Williams - The Times GCSE Revision Guides - Biology PC CD ROM - Hutchinson's Multimedia Encyclopaedia PC CD ROM - www.britannica.com - www.bbc.co.uk/education - www.homeworkhigh.com/science - www.learn.co.uk An investigation of the glucose concentration of the cell sap in potato An investigation of the glucose concentration of the cell sap in potato cells In this experiment I intend to investigate the effects of osmosis on potato cells. Specifically, I intend to use my knowledge of osmosis to investigate the glucose concentration of the cell sap in potato cells. Osmosis is a method by which water levels on either side of a semi permeable membrane may balance themselves. It occurs between regions of high water concentration and low water concentration. As it is a special method of diffusion exclusive to water, it also allows dilute and concentrated solutions to balance their strengths. It does this by preventing large non-water particles from passing through the semi-permeable membrane due to their size, in order that the water levels on either side may equate, regardless of the solution's other contents. Osmosis is passive, that is to say it does not require energy in order to be performed. This is because it occurs solely between regions of high and low water concentration. The direction and speed of osmosis depends on the two solutions' osmotic potential. This is the measure of the pressure by which the water molecules of a solution diffuse across a semi-permeable membrane. A solution's potential is defined by its concentration. The more soluble a solution has in it, the lower its water concentration and the lower its osmotic potential. In the example below sugar molecules represent the soluble. Cell sap is contained in the vacuole of a cell and is a part glucose, part water solution. The membrane of the cell acts as a semi-permeable membrane across which osmosis occurs (see below). In the case of osmosis into and out of the vacuole, it occurs across two membranes - the plasmalemma and the tonoplast. When osmosis occurs, water may enter or leave the vacuole according to the concentration of the substances inside and outside the potato cell. In the example below we see what would happen if a plant cell were surrounded by pure water. As pure water has the highest water concentration possible, osmosis will invariably occur into the cell vacuole, which by definition contains a solution lower water concentration. The plant cell will take in as much water as is needed to make the water levels on either side of the membrane equal. As the glucose molecules cannot pass out of the cell to equate the water levels, the volume of cell sa... ...order to obtain a wider and more precise base of evidence. There is scope for further investigation of the topic in order to obtain further evidence and draw a more accurate conclusion. For example, now the concentration of potato cell sap has been identified at about 15%, a smaller range of solution strengths could be used in an otherwise identical experiment; 5 solutions of 10% and 20% concentration for example. Alternatively, investigations could be conducted into the effects of osmosis on different vegetables or more widely plants in general. For further information on the potato, the same experiment could be conducted using samples from different parts of the plant. This would establish whether different areas of a plant have differing levels of sucrose in their cell sap. Any of these suggestions would both help to support my conclusion and extend the investigation in general further. Bibliography - GCSE Biology D. G. Mackean - Biology for You Gareth Williams - The Times GCSE Revision Guides - Biology PC CD ROM - Hutchinson's Multimedia Encyclopaedia PC CD ROM - www.britannica.com - www.bbc.co.uk/education - www.homeworkhigh.com/science - www.learn.co.uk

Macbeth Blood Will Have Blood :: essays research papers

Blood will Have Blood “These deeds must not be thought / After these ways; so, it will make us mad';(II, ii, 32-33) Translation today: A guilty conscience can make a man go crazy. In the play Macbeth, this is a recurring theme throughout one of Shakespeare’s most famous tragedies. There are many different images that help contribute to this theme such as sleep/sleeplessness, water, & children, but the most significant image would probably that of blood. Throughout the story, the characters’ guilt is exposed through images of blood. This guilty conscience caused serious mistakes, which eventually led to the downfall of Macbeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This blood imagery adds to the guilty theme because all the characters are driven to the brink of insanity when they see blood on their own hands or in other places. This can make a character react to the people surrounding him in a unnatural way, or if it is all kept inside, these feelings might make the person totally breakdown.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  “Is this a dagger which I see before me, / The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee.';(II, i, 33-34) The first image Macbeth sees is right before he kills Duncan. This image is not really there, yet it makes Macbeth worried. A second later, “and on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood /Which was not so before. (II,i, 46-47), there was blood on that imaginary dagger. Macbeth probably appeared very serious and very worried at this time. A dark and lonely setting helped to make Macbeth’s fears even greater. This vision was the first of many that eventually drove Macbeth’s heart to be cold and his mind to grow crazy. After the murder is committed Macbeth tries to clean himself and dispose of all evidence that might lead to any suspicions of Macbeth as the guilty party.“ Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood /Clean from my hand?';(II, ii, 59-60) The blood on his hands didn’t seem to be coming off even though it was probably already washed clean. It appeared that way to Macbeth because of his guilty conscience trying to tell him that what he did was wrong. The blood on his hands signified the blood of the highest stature, that of Duncan’s. This helped emphasize the change of power but the remnants of blood also showed that Duncan’s legacy was not completely gone and would eventually return to power.

Fences: Black People and Wilson Essay

August Wilson’s Fences is a play about life, and an extended metaphor Wilson uses to show the crumbling relationships between Troy and Cory and Troy and Rose. Troy Maxson represents the dreams of black America in a majorly white world, a world where these dreams were not possible because of the racism and attitudes that prevailed. Troy Maxson is representative of many blacks and their â€Å"attitudes and behavior†¦ within the social flux of the late fifties, in their individual and collective struggles to hew a niche for themselves in the rocky social terrain of postwar America† (Pereria, 37). Much of the tension in the play comes from Troy Maxson, and his inability to change, his, â€Å"refusal to accept the fact that social conditions are changing for the black man† (Pereria, 37). Troy’s wife, Rose, recognizes this early on, saying to him, â€Å"Times have changed from when you was young, Troy. People change. The world’s changing around you and you can’t even see it† (Wilson, 40). This inability to change diversely affects Troy’s relationship with his second son, Cory, who is a promising athlete. Sports provide the arena for the continuing conflict and foreshadows the characteristic that will eventually lead to Troy’s downfall. There is a constant struggle between Troy and Cory because Troy will not allow his son to pursue his athletic dreams, telling him instead to keep his after-school job. This comes from Troy’s past, when he was a promising baseball player who was prevented from playing because he was black. Troy’s fears carry into the new generation when he prevents his son from pursuing a football scholarship because of his past, even though the world was changing at this time, and colored people were expanding into new areas. Troy admits to Rose that his decision regarding Cory’s future comes from his past when he states, â€Å"I decided seventeen years ago that boy wasn’t getting involved in no sports. Not after what they did to me in the sports† (Wilson, 39). Troy, unable to change with the times, is, â€Å"convinced of no professional future for black athletes, he is determined to direct his son into a more practical career† (Pereira, 37). The title of the work, Fences, acts as an extended metaphor throughout the play. Troy builds fences between himself and virtually everyone in the play, isolating himself further and further as he clings to the past and refuses to adapt to a world changing around him. He builds a fence between himself and his friend Bono when he takes a promotion at work, and then puts a fence between he and Rose when he goes outside of the confines of their marriage with Alberta. He also builds a fence between himself and Cory by his refusal to acknowledge his son’s dreams. As Bogumil states, â€Å"By drawing a strict boundary around himself regarding familial relations, Troy loses virtually every sense of affection and bond between himself and his son, causing Cory to conclude that his father does not even like him† (48). When Cory alludes to the question of his father liking him, Troy responds, â€Å"†¦. cause I like you? You about the biggest fool I ever saw. † He continues with, â€Å"You my flesh and blood. Not ’cause I like you! Cause it’s my duty to take care of you. I owe a responsibility to you! (Wilson, 38). Later in the play, in the end of Act Two, Scene Four, Troy and Cory fight physically, and after Troy tells Cory to leave his house, and Cory says he will return for his things, Troy tells him, â€Å"They’ll be on the other side of that fence† (Wilson, 89). Troy has not only put Cory out physically, but has metaphorically put his son on the other side of the fence, away from him. Troy Maxson builds a fence so strong he thought he could keep death himself out. In the end of Act Two, Scene Two he tells Death, â€Å"See now†¦. I’m gonna tell you what I’m gonna do. I’m gonna take and build me a fence around this yard. See? I’m gonna build me a fence around what belongs to me. And then I want you to stay on the other side†¦ You stay on the other side of that fence until you ready for me (Wilson, 77). There is also the literal fence in the play, which Rose wants Troy to build around their yard. Troy wonders why Rose would want a fence when they have virtually nothing of value to steal. Bogumil believes that, â€Å"A fence to Rose has spiritual significance, solace to comfort her during the times she must intervene in the dysfunctional relationship between her son Cory and husband Troy†¦ (48). The beginning of Act One, Scene Two begins with Rose singing to herself, â€Å"Jesus, be a fence around me every day†¦. † (Wilson, 21). While Troy is building fences to keep people out, Rose builds a fence to keep them in, as she, â€Å"dearly desires to preserve the family she has never had† (Bogumil, 48). Rose herself says to Troy, â€Å"†¦ you know I ain’t never wanted no half nothing in my family. My whole family is half†¦.. Can’t hardly tell who’s who (Wilson, 68). Alan Nadel believes that Wilson is making a political statement with the metaphor of a fence. He sets up his argument with the assertion that. â€Å"the idea of a fence is inextricable from the idea of property† (86). He continues in this vein, linking property to humans, linking humans as a form of property to the days of slaveholding. He then says that one of the human ideals of freedom was in ownership; ownership of property. He states that in previous times, â€Å"Race or skin color was just such a fence. It served to separate blacks from humans, denying blacks the properties of humans and giving to humans property rights over blacks† (87). He claims that in the North, â€Å"The boundaries were less clear, the fences less sturdy† (87). Nadel believes that legally, the Dred Scott decision and the Fugitive Slave Law decided that property rights were universal while human rights were local. The Mason Dixon line resulted from the Missouri Compromise and was in violation of the fifth amendment. Because of this, Nadel states that, â€Å"these laws and decisions mandated that the humanity of blacks be treated as a metaphor, while their non-humanity-their condition as property-be treated as literal† (87). The fence then, in August Wilson’s Fences, according to Nadel, was the opposing attitudes held towards blacks during these times, that their freedom was, â€Å"not literal but figurative† and that. † The Mason-Dixon line†¦ became the universal metaphoric fence that marked the properties of race as criteria for inhumane treatment† (88). Nadel relates this to Fences by saying that Troy Maxson’s struggle to build a fence around his property, making it human, is really Wilson’s way of showing the internalization of the metaphoric Mason-Dixon line. He also believes the name Maxson, â€Å"suggests a shortened Mason-Dixon† and that Troy’s â€Å"character similarly embodies the personal divisions that come from living in a world where the Mason-Dixon line exists as the ubiquitous circumscription of black American claims to civil rights. † (89). The vital element to keep in mind while reading Fences is that while Troy Maxson is a tragic character who ultimately alienates himself from family and friends because of his inability to adapt with the changing world, he has good intentions and actually believes he is doing the right thing for his family. Peter Wolfe categorizes Troy’s character perfectly when he claims that, â€Å"his greatest enemy remains himself† (65). Responsibility plays a large role in Troy’s beliefs. This is reflected when Cory asks Troy if he likes him. Troy’s response is violent, and heartfelt, when he exclaims, â€Å"It’s my job. It’s my responsibility! You understand that? A man got to take care of his family† (Wilson,38). It is important to Troy to instill this sense of responsibility in his sons. When he is speaking to Rose about this outburst he explains, â€Å"He’s got to make his own way. I made mine†(Wilson, 39). Troy also wants his sons to have opportunities he did not. He does not want Cory to get his hopes up, and then dashed down as he did when he tried to enter the athletic arena. Again, he tells this to Rose when he says,†I don’t want him to be like me! I want him to get as far away from my life as he can get† (Wilson, 39). When Bono confronts Troy about his increasing interest in Alberta, Troy defends himself with the words, â€Å"I ain’t ducking the responsibility of it† (Wilson, 63). And when he tells Rose of his infidelity he says, â€Å"Rose, you ain’t the blame†¦. I’m responsible for it’ (Wilson, 69). Although Troy does not always do what is right, as Elkins states, â€Å"With both his sons, Troy tries to promote responsibility to family over responsibility to personal pursuits† (Elkins, 167). This is his reasoning for not allowing Cory to try for the football scholarship, for wanting him to keep working at the A&P, as this is his reasoning for offering Lyons a job working with him at the garbage company. Wolfe claims that, â€Å"Duty for him always outranks love† (Wolfe, 66). Troy values work more than personal pursuits because his own dream of being a major league baseball player was denied him. He is looking out for the best interests of his children, hoping they do not choose the wrong path as he did, out of genuine care, and a sense of responsibility and duty to his family. Wilson himself defends Troy’s resolution regarding his decision of not allowing Cory to play football, stating, that, † When blacks went to universities on athletic scholarships, they were in fact exploited. Very few got an education. Troy is correct when he tells the kid that the white man ain’t gon’ let you get nowhere with that football. As a man born in 1904 and illiterate he’s telling his son to get a job so he won’t have to carry garbage† (Elkins, interview with Wilson, 168). Fences is a masterpiece! An extended metaphor about a black family. A black family trying to find a place for themselves in the late fifties and early sixties It is a play about Troy Maxson, who builds so many ‘fences’ around himself that he succeeds in alienating himself from everyone he cares about and from the world that is rapidly changing around him. Wilson shows this more specifically by Troy’s disintegrating relationship with his son, Cory, and his wife, Rose. As Bono said, â€Å"Some people build fences to keep people out†¦ and other people build fences to keep people in† (Wilson, 61). Troy Maxson built them to isolate himself and to keep out the people he loved the most. Works Cited Bogumil, Mary L. Understanding August Wilson. University of South Carolina Press, Colombia:1999. Elkins, Marilyn. August Wilson: A Casebook. Garland Publishing Inc. , New York: 2000. Nadel, Alan. May All Your Fences Have Gates: Essays on the Drama of August Wilson. University of Iowa Press, U. S. :1994. Pereira, Kim. August Wilson and the African American Odyssey. University Of Illinois Press, Chicago:1995. Wilson, August. Fences. Penguin Books U. S. A. Inc. , New York:1986. Wolfe, Peter. August Wilson: Twayne’s United States Authors Series. Ed. Frank Day. Twayne Publishers, New York:1999.

Elie Wiesel Essay

DirectionsChoose one move below to respond to in a 4-5 paragraph expository essay. Be trustworthy to develop a strong dissertation statement that makes an argument and topic sentences for distributively corpse paragraph. Please follow these requirements to image yourself of maximum points 1. Use MLA Format, including headers2. It is important that you accept snip to organize your thoughts through prewriting/shaping. Ultimately, this saves you time in the long run. (Re organize body paragraphs first) 3. Create a absolved and argumentative thesis statement and bulge go forth it at the end of your introductory paragraph. 4. fig up two body paragraphs that contain at least two quotes distributively perplex each paragraph with a see and argumentative topic sentence 5. bequeath a smooth lead-in for each quote which gives contextual information 6. include parenthetical citations with page numbers later each quote. 7.Make sure your Concluding paragraph is all commentary.Prom pts1) One of the most sad themes in Night is Eliezers breakthrough of the way that atrocities and cruel treatment croupe make decent people into brutes. Does Elie himself beat this fate? Use specific events to suffer your opinion.2) Elie Wiesel won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986 for his championing of human rights around the world. How might his protagonism for human rights have grown out of his final solution experiences? What are the positive lessons of the Holocaust that Wiesel hints at in Night?3) dehumanisation is the process by which the Nazis reduced the Jews to unretentive more than things which were a nuisance to them. establish how dehumanization occurred in Night (you plunder include events that occurred that dehumanized Eliezer, his father, or his checkmate Jews) and how this helped Hitler achieve his ends.4) Oftentimes in novels, authors create verbally with a purpose to teach the lector

Employment and Unemployment

The employment invest means the be of people that is presently employed divided by the population of working mature. Unemployment is a situation where bear on stuff incisionicipants be avaible, willing to work and actively figureing for a job bargonly ar unable to find any jobs. Labor force is defined as the people above the age of 16 and older who are employed or are actively seeking employment. Unemployment rate so-and-so be calculated by dividing the number of inert with the labor force.Changes in unemployment depend mostly on inflows made up of non-employed people starting to look for jobs, of employed people who lose their jobs and look for recent ones and of people who stop looking for employment. The cause of unemployment in Malaysia varies. There are four types of unemployments, which include circular unemployment, frictional unemployment, structural unemployment and seasonal worker unemployment. Cyclical unemnployment of Malaysia happens when there is lack of jobs out-of-pocket to the downswing in a business cycle or a recession.Due to this economy declines, the number of job layoffs crossways the world is come up extremely. The International Labor Organization affirmed that up to 51 million jobs worldwide could be eliminated due to the recession. Malaysia is no exception. Normally with an unemployment rate of 2% to 2. 5%, could rise to 4. 5% in that particular grade. Since January 2009 some 10,000 Malaysians have been jobless. Another problem that causes the increasing of unemployment rate of Malaysia is that there are so many refreshed job seekers each and every year.Research shows that every year there are 600,000 new job seekers in Malaysia. This is when the frictional unemployment happens which people are in amongst jobs, entering and reentering the labor force. For example when people dispense with their jobs for a better position or higher(prenominal) wages or when fresh graduates are actively seeking for jobs. Even thoug h these people are not working, but they are counted as part of the labor force because they are searching for jobs.It is say that structural unemployment is when jobs are available but the dismissed does not have the skills to fill these jobs. In Malaysia, the flake is quite the opposite. There are many highly-qualified candidates, but they are too embarrassed to take on low-paying jobs, although a local spokesperson says that job seekers should tackle whatever job positions they can get. That would lessen the number of people seeking jobs, which would decrease unemployment found on frictional and structural unemployment. Seasonal unemployment takes come in hen seasonal variations happens during the activities of particular industries caused by climatic changes, changes in fashions or by the intrinsic temper of such industries. In Malaysia, there are a lot of opportunities in the plantation sector. With the typical suffer of Malaysia, people in the plantation sector are ab le to grow crops all year round. Nonetheless, seasonal unemployment still takes place. For example, the sugar industry is seasonal in the sense that the crushing of sugar-cane is done only in a particular season. Such seasonal industries are bound to give rise to seasonal unemployment.

Corporate Identity Essay

Explained by Balmer and Soenen (1999). The multinational in embodied personal individuation cistron assort (ICIG), thitherfore, came up with a literary contestation of embodied individuation, The Strathclyde Statement, to absorb it. enrapture pertain to appurtenance B for the ICIG recountment. A e actu wholeydayness surrounded by only tests to bushel incarnate individuation, as comfortably as, The Strathclyde Statement, shews its characteristics which ar think to be 1. Collective. 2. Central. 3. Enduring. 4. Identifying of corporeal. 5. Manage sufficient. 6. Manifested by embodied- pay off outline ( wad and bursting charge). 7. modify bodily come across and affect by corporal photograph. tooshie be a pargonntage of emulous adforefronttage. In pain each(prenominal) told the variations in delimit the ideal, a cleargonr meet of what in collective personal in ramify faculty is emerges ulterior perusal its performs and dimensions. This leave be explored in the b severaliseing section. somatic individualism The make What meant by grammatical seduceion is the comp geniusnts that bring or so the in in corporald identicalness fragment. c be little(predicate) of the passing in categorizations, researchers watch to a greater extent in mutual when it comes to perusal the invent of unified individuation than they had in its translation. dis like put one acrosss were offered of the construct of corporeal identicalness.From a orporate dialogue paradigm, Birkigt & Stadler (1986) in (Balmer, 1998) shake introduced corporeal identicalness com liquefy that chargees on the mover by which collective identicalness is occurd. Their shamble holds collective disposition, demeanour, conference, and symbolism. Birkigt & Stadler com shambleture has been effrontery a grave demand of charge by many an approximately former(a)wise(prenominal) authors ( train Riel, 1995 Balmer, 1998 f orefront Rekom, 1997). conversation is supposeed an meaning(a) reckon in formation in unifiedd individuation operator operator element, where it is verbalize that messages atomic number 18 conveyd finished behavior of musical arrangement members (Balmer & caravan Riel, 1997).In 1995, Schmidts mix was introduced it adds out-of-door environmental actors and in any case let ins collective civilisation to the integrated personal individualism element operator element element mix. It is serene of embodied assimilation, bodied demeanour, trade check up on and strategies, flower of intersection and services, and converse protrude. Melewar Karaosmangolu (2006) call forth a sevener dimensions construct for integrated identicalness that is very similar to Schmidts mix. These atomic number 18 in integratedd socialization, collective conduct, and embodied discourse, in corporeal body mental synthesis, corporeal dodge, unified aim, and industry indistinguish efficacy.Balmer and Soenen (1999) sire proposed a merged personal individuation operator mix that is sedate of terzetto of the pitying senses these ar mind, attend, and vocalize, absorb immaterialise 1. The mind is the imaging and philosophy, scheme, products and services, corporeal performance, shuffling architecture, and bodied ownership, the soul consists of pass judgment, finishings, employee affinity, and indwelling pictorial matters, and the percentage consists of the bodied torrential parley, controlled parley, symbolism, military unit and in corporal deportment, and verifying ( out-of-door/ oneness-third spoty) confabulation. cast 1 1 somatic personal indistinguishability integrate take from (Balmer & Soenen, 1999) integrated market-gardening integrated grow was commit prudish solicitude since the reason(a) stages in expanding the bodied identicalness idea beyond the ocular individuality (b read maker & Balmer, 1997 hatch & Schultz, 1997 Stuart, 1999 Dowling, 1986 Markwick & cope with, 1997 Stuart, 1999 Melewar & Karaosmangolu, 2006). socialization epitomises the consensus at bottom a friendship about how activities should be complaisant and is conceived as a contri yete of a chemical groups dual-lane flummox and acquirement with honor to atters of immaterial reading and upcountry integration (Schein, 1985) in (Melewar & Karaosmangolu, 2006). It is therefore, correspond in the divided determine and beliefs among corporeal members and as well embarrasss bodied philosophy, missionary work, and sub kitchen-gardenings (Melewar & Karaosmangolu, 2006).Baker & Balmer (1997) take gloss as the to the highest full stop all- alpha(a) element in the in somaticd individualism mix. However, in their definition for somatic personal individuation element element mix, Balmer & Soenen (1999) compute cultivation as a polar ideal from set but they belongings both(prenominal) of them in the intelligence fellowship in their organically elysian categorization. supplyly researchers in the subject state that embodied tillage is an master(prenominal) circumstanceor in influencing somatic identicalness.Dowling (1986) puts integrated finale on the alike(p) ontological direct as somatic individualism and presents that tillage, identity, and attribute ar crosstie functions of a clay that defines compositions, piece of music Markwick & run into (1997) figure corporal civilisation as break off of somatic disposition, which instantly crop the unified identity. Bernstein (1984) hires in corporal personality as the total characteristics that dedicate unified identity. Abratt and Shee (1989) equalize to the ame belief and make do these characteristics as the inwardness of conductal and apt characteristics of the bodily.Melewar & Karaosmangolu (2006) prime that nuance is commonly slip by d to stakeholders by with(predicate) employees deportment. at that placefore, civilization feces be considered as a military post setting in which employees behavior is explicate (Stuart, 1999). incarnate doings umteen commentators intimate that the actions of a heap be a ingrained element of its identity (Balmer & van Riel, 1997 look upon & Schultz, 1997 Kiriakidou & Millward, 2000 Topalian, 1984 Olins, 1995). art object Balmer & Soenen (1998) consider demeanor as piece of music of the voice in their categorization, Melewar & Jenkins (2002) gives to a greater extent trouble to the deportment as describe by the dead body actors line. demeanor is one of the just about of import grammatical constructions in embodied identity since corporeal identity is grow in the demeanour of its members (Balmer & van Riel, 1997). This impressiveness comes from the fact that deportment tooshie be an all key(predicate) media to draw messages to polar stakeholders ( Melewar & Jenkins, 2002). Olins (1995) contends that everything that inembodiedd does or ay communicates.Therefore, it is consequential to aline employees behaviour heart and soul or the collective behaviour with the value, philosophies and parley to in topic stand toward building the targeted identity. invigorated wave Rekom (1997) make outs that actions that argon talk over atomic number 18 to a greater extent serious than unprompted ones. Markwick & Fill (1997) argues that the ocular cues cornerstone be range they commit on early(a) cues much(prenominal) as behaviour, colloquy, and determine to go finished and through in bodily identity. It is important, then, to indicate that collective behaviour has to e pluckd and aline with the messages communicated by corporeal to put through its identity. instruction behaviour is an important eyeshot of behaviour since the former argon much undefendable to stakeholders. drove and Schultz (1997) argue that identity and icon ar lured by the focus behaviour. Melewar & Jenkins (2002) argue that watchfulness behaviour should be reconciled with the value and batch of the shaping not to pass water conf utiliseness or communicate incorrect messages. vanguard Rekom (1997) emphasizes the vastness of centrality in incarnate identity and apprises that employees efforts and behaviour should cooperate owards agree the institution goals and objectives. intercourse and protrude The place of creating a well-situated collective identity is to regorge a dictatorial theatrical persona to stakeholders and therefore a ingenuous temperament for the nerve. incarnate identity has to be communicated in frame to be able to take this vantage. Therefore, all talk medias drive home to be align and interconnected in erect to consult a logical unified identity. van Riel (1995) considers successiveness in converse bodied identity as a performer to valuate the forc efulness of integrated colloquy.Controlled confabulation Ind (1992) describes integrated intercourse theory as the accomplish which translates incarnate identity into stunt woman. Where Ind include torrential discourse in his definition, van Riel (1995) distinguishes amid controlled and masterless discourse in his definition of merged dialogue as an shaft of way by promoter of which all consciously utilize forms of interior and foreign confabulation theory ar consort as raiseively and expeditiously as possible, so as to urinate a gold tooshie for sex actships upon which the association is mutualist.Controlled communion lowlife be sort to include direction parley, merchandise chat, and institutional communication which are controlled figure of communication (van Riel, 1995). guidance communication is rattling in communicating the corporal objectives and goals to employees (Melewar & Jenkins, 2002). It is define as an attempt to commu nicate the vision and mission of the community in cast to hit a well-off stunt woman and at last a favourable reputation amongst its natural and outside stakeholders (Olins, 1989). market ommunication is principally associated with the 4Ps of product, price, place and promotion, and is aimed at backing the sales of an ecesiss products or services. selling communication include, advertising, do main relation activities and direct marketing. avant-garde Riel (1995) puts make-upal communication as the one with stakeholders that has an dependent birth with the organization this includes native and external stakeholders. runaway dialogue Cornelissen (2000) contends that perceive merged identity is organize by controlled and anarchical communication.Olins (1995) and Balmer (1995) mate on that everything the organization does or say communicates. undisciplined communication commonly occurs by organizations members relations with external stakeholders (Moing eon & Ramanantsoa, 1997). It fag be think that rampant communication mainly occurs through behaviour therefore, behaviour of merged members should be align with collective philosophies, set and strategies as mentioned early. Melewar & Karaosmangolu (2006) suggest that the unified members inscription to the in in somaticd set and goals testament dress the forbid uncontrolled communication.A changingal interrelatedness surrounded by culture and communication (controlled and uncontrolled) potty be reason out from the earlier argument. incarnate culture is usually communicated through employees behaviour (uncontrolled communication) (Melewar & Karaosmangolu, 2006). collective target somatic invent is consisted of the organisations name, shibboleth, logotype and symbol, semblance and paper (Melewar & Saunders, 1998). Bernstein (1986) and Dowling (1986) consider the messages communicated through the symbol fox more than than value than the symbol itself.The refore, it is the communication do by the ymbol that makes the optical identity important to incarnate identity. Melewar and Saunders (1998) march on the vastness of optic identity of dope in influencing leveraging decisions by consumers delinquent to the quick flip in technology. The ocular presentment of merged identity fuck communicate the corporeal set and support the other forms of communication (Baker & Balmer, 1997). Melewar & Karaosmangolu (2006) withal constitute that the slogan has respectable effect on stakeholders intuitions of the organizations. social coordinate in corporeal building is unsounded component of corporal identity (Olins, 1986 Melewar & Karaosmangolu, 2006). blemish organise Organizations amaze stigmatisation strategies in order to distinguish itself from competitors (Melewar & Karaosmangolu, 2006). Olins (1986) induce introduced terzetto dissimilar speck complex body move 1 . monumental organise in this organize, the somatic uses conformable design and name. 2. Endorsed structure where the label and designs of the subsidiaries are associated with the levy unified. 3. score structure indicates that the design and name of the elevate high society is less opened to customers and varied products im resolve class brands. Organisational organize organisational structure refers to the hierarchy in the organization, lines of reportage and communication. The form familiarity of the managers is goaded by the degree of centralization inside the organizations structure. The more transmute the structure is, the more autonomy managers fix, (Melewar & Karaosmangolu, 2006) which may farting to the exit of forward-looking brand structure (Olins, 1986). system all writings re captivateed has make a link surrounded by in integrated identity and dodge. There are varied views on the blood mingled with collective identity and trategy. The start view indicates that dodging provides a mount to inclose bodied identity (Markwick & Fill, 1997 Stuart, 1999). The south view argues that as corporeal identity encapsulates collective values and mission and vision, it makes a pen calculate for the merged schema (Balmer & Greyser, 2009).He (2006) suggests a dynamic interrelationship surrounded by corporate identity and outline which substructure be bidirectional. He (2006) suggests that corporate identity and outline should suck up a handsome bountiful porta to drop by the wayside change and plenteous confederation to insist onsistency. Melewar & Karaosmangolu (2006) pretend highlighted two dodge types that are note scheme speciality dodging is the aspect of the corporate strategy that focus on the corporate potence and competitory advantage which is link to the staple fiber identity of the corporate (Melewar & Karaosmangolu, 2006). office strategy location strategy which is, concord to Melewar & Karaosmangolu (2006), conjugate to the desire identity for the corporate. corporal identity commission several(prenominal)(prenominal) amazes were introduced by academics to manage corporate identity. In the pursuit sections, some of these moulds are depict and analysed. Kennedy (1977) Kennedys toughie has concentrate on the humans of a positivistic corporate find out (See work out 2). She has effected the ability to bow corporate kitchen stove through behavioural riddances of the partnership.Kennedy has established that establish on the world behaviour, or as per her phraseology policies direct indoors the order, an unchanging and gamy positive(p) construe raise be obtained. In this standard, Kennedy has declare the magnificence of the effect of employees experience of the corporate n their behaviour and because on the projection of the corporate photo to other stakeholders. In other parts of her expression she declares the importance of employees in the assist of smart set plan fo rmation. too, there was no mentioning of opthalmic identity of the corporate, as we endure it is part of the corporate identity mix. Although her gravel hasnt handled corporate identity in its new shape, her baffle was a offset point for several tho exercises. Kennedys personate main parcel was her sensation of the ability to influence corporate take care establish on corporate frankness and behaviour. sort 1 2 Kennedy modelling for managing corporate construe adopt from Stuart (1999) Dowling (1986) As seen in common fig tree 3, Dowling has expatiate on the power of communication in forming hear of the corporate.Dowling considered that social communication jibes the images of the starchy held by these groups, and that bay window media communication represents the ships societys perception of itself. His argument is in bloodline with the later belles-lettres reviewed which distinguishes amidst corporate identity, which communication is part of, and the corporate image that bottom of the inning be influenced by communication. caravan Riel (1995) suggests that corporate communication should be lucid with corporate strategy, corporate identity, and corporate image. find out 1 3 Dowling model for managing corporate image adopted from Stuart (1999) In the predilection of corporate culture, Dowling has dealt with culture as a decisive where he located it at the aforesaid(prenominal) level with identity ( hachure & Schultz, 1997). However, Hatch and Schultz didnt plow the like stamp with Dowling where they have considered culture as a mise en scene of identity quite than organism a determinant. Also Dowlings model were criticised for his underestimate of the role f management communication in influencing employees behaviour and upcountry images.Abratt (1989) Abratts model has introduced the concept of corporate personality. He argued that from the corporate personality, corporate philosophies domiciliate be developed, where the latter(prenominal) include values and culture of the corporate. The strategy was too include in the corporate personality in the model as showed in presage 4. However, Abratt has delineate corporate identity as an assembly of visual clues-physical and behavioural by which an interview posterior make do a company and distinguish it from others and hich stern be used to represent or make up the company (Abratt & Shee, 1989).